Definition and Examples of Subject-Auxiliary Inversion

Irans Foreign Policy since the Early 1990s - 2998 Words

1 INTRODUCTION This essay will broadly discuss Iran’s foreign policy since the early 1990’s. First in order to understand the foreign policy of Iran, the historical background of Iran’s foreign policy will be discussed. Followed by the foreign policy principles, foreign policy principles assist in shaping the country’s foreign policy and its relationship with other countries. After the post-Iraq invasion Iran saw the security void as an opportunity to reshape Iraq in order to prevent it from re-emerging as a strategic threat, although its operation of Iraq’s freedom resulted to high levels of insecurity mainly because other countries failed to see Iraq as a regionally powerful country. Iran’s foreign policy aims and roots are not only mainly pragmatic; they are defensive and based on state-orientated strategic issues. The research continues to broadly discuss Iran’s Foreign policy through the following heading which is Iran’s foreign policy principles, Iran’s first revolution, the second revolution, approaches of the Islamic Revolution, Iran’s foreign policy in the light of the Arab revolts and lastly Iran’s foreign policy towards United States. It concludes that despite the fact that Iran has been playing a major role, it has only accomplished mixed results at best. The following two keys have been limiting Iran’s foreign policy which is because of its contradictory strategies that substantially contributed. Firstly Iraq’s bitterness towards Tehran’s interference andShow MoreRelatedHistory Of The Middle East1535 Words   |  7 Pagesreserves (Penn Wharton). In 2014, oil accounted for 20% of Iran’s GDP, so government expenditures count heavily on their oil exports and prices heavily. Since the 1950’s, the U.S. has played a majo r role in manipulating Iran’s oil and their dependance on oil. The United States’ foreign policies and relationships in Iran have seemed to be created to take advantage of Iran’s oil-rich markets. Not only that, but new sanctions that have been put on Iran’s nuclear program which has severely hurt them becauseRead MoreU.s. Middle East Policy1631 Words   |  7 PagesAny discussion of U.S. Middle East policy is integral to the national political discourse. A presidential or congressional candidate has to prove her/his foreign policy knowledge on the campaign trail, but unfortunately the electorate is generally not informed enough to critically assess a candidate’s understanding, which risks giving our leaders virtually unchecked power to make policy in our name. An important part of educating young citizens in a democracy is to teach them the tools they willRead MoreIran, India, and Mexico are in extremely different parts of the world, making them very different1900 Words   |  8 PagesIndia, and Mexico are in extremely different parts of the world, making them very different from each other. The three countries have different histories, geographies, and natural resources that have shaped their development. Still, an analysis of Iran’s, India’s, and Mexico’s economic development and globalization, media access and coverage, and political leaders, shows that there are some undeniable similarities. Despite the three countries being similar in some ways, overall Iran, India, and MexicoRead MoreIran s Domestic Affairs And Foreign Policy2429 Words   |  10 Pagesmajority of countries around the world. There are some notable events in Iran’s domestic affairs that can assist us in navigating where the semi-theocratic regime appears to be headed. One of them would be the recent Iranian election and its conceivable outcomes. This paper will examine the possible progresses post-sanctions Iran can engage in considering the ongoing flow of Iran’s domestic affairs and, consequently, foreign policy approaches. The results of the poll for the members of Assembly of ExpertsRead MoreIrans Nuclear Program Essay2400 Words   |  10 PagesI. Topic Description Iran’s Nuclear Program The Islamic Republic of Iran’s conquest for nuclear energy technology commenced during the 1950’s, inspired by U.S President Dwight Eisenhower’s program called â€Å"Atoms for Peace†. This program fabricated a plan in which the U.S Atomic Energy Commission would lend Iran as much as 13.2 pounds of low-enriched uranium in order to further develop their nuclear industries, including health care and medicine.i Two years following the agreement, Shah MohammedRead MoreThe Tensions Between Iran And Israel2979 Words   |  12 PagesIsrael, due to the great rivalries it has created throughout the short time it has even been legitimized as its own nation, proves to have only been around since World War 2. After the war in 1948, Israel proved itself to be considered legitimate by the United Nations. Taken under siege by multiple nations in the Middle East after being found legitimate, Israel proved itself to be in need of allies in order to ever sustain. Many coun tries even today refuse to see legitimacy of the nation of IsraelRead MoreUs Iran Relations3170 Words   |  13 Pagesanother chant, â€Å"death to America† however with a much contradicting tone† (Cottom, 1988). These words themselves explain the intensity which lies in the US- Iran relationships since the Iranian revolution. European intrusion in Iran has been a prolonged one with immense prominence. Trade was one of the most significant reasons. Iran’s geographical position made it the central attention for the European traders, as the land route which joined the western and eastern worlds crossed Iran. Moreover, as CottomRead MoreEssay on Persian Gulf War3474 Words   |  14 Pagesnonproliferation. Every president since Richard Nixon has recognized that ensuring Persian Gulf security and stability is a vital U.S. interest. The Clinton administrations strategy for achieving this goal during the presidents first term was its attempted quot;dual containmentquot; of Iraq and Iran. This is more a slogan than a strategy, however, and the policy may not be sustainable for much longer. In trying to isolate both of the Gulfs regional powers, the policy lacks strategic viability andRead MoreOrganised Crime-Maritime Piracy, Smuggling and Human Trafficking693 Words   |  3 Pageswell as international energy movement (Herbert-Burns, 2012). It has encountered a lot of attention within the media as a successful means of financial gain through hijackings of private and merchant vessels. Maritime piracy has been prevalent since the early 1990’s and occurs primarily around shipping lanes (Lehr, 2013). In 2009, the list of reported piracy attacks was over four hundred, in which approximately three hundred of those occurred in the IOR (Hastings, 2012). The operation usually involvesRead MoreEssay about What is Te rrorism, Who Conducts it, and The Intended Target1590 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorism can be tracked back to early recorded history. Nevertheless terrorism definition is universally hard to define (Brown, 2008). Every individual’s definition of terrorism is different some describe it as a strategy and tactic. Another will describe it as sacred obligation, some will say it’s a justified stand against domination. Obviously, it depends on whose point of view is being represented (Brown, 2008). However, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT define terrorism

Type of Mass Media Free Essays

string(66) " to be brief and eye-catching as it targets a person on the move\." Type of mass media Mass media are media, which can be used to communicate and interact with a large number of audiences. Be it the pictorial messages of the early ages, or the high-technology media that are available today, one thing that we all agree upon, is that mass media are an inseparable part of our lives. Entertainment and media always go hand in hand, but in addition to the entertainment, mass media also remain to be an effective medium for communication, dissemination of information, advertising, marketing and in general, for expressing and sharing views, opinions and ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Type of Mass Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mass media is a double-edged sword which means that there are  positive effects of the media  as well as  negative influences of media. The print media includes newspapers, magazines, brochures, newsletters, books and even leaflets and pamphlets. Visual media like photography can also be mentioned under this sub-head, since photography is an important mass media, which communicates via visual representations. Although, it is said that the electronic or new media have replaced the print media, there exists a majority of audiences who prefer the print media for various communication purposes. Public speaking and event organizing can also be considered as a form of mass media. Apart from that, electronic media to many people, it is impossible to imagine a life without their television sets, be it the daily news dose or even the soap operas. This mass media includes television and radio. This category also includes electronic media like movies, CDs and DVDs as well as the new hottest electronic gadgets. While new-age media, with the advent of new technologies like Internet, we are now enjoying the benefits of high technology mass media, which is not only faster than the old-school mass media, but also has a widespread range. Mobile phones, computers and Internet are often referred to as the new-age media. Internet has opened up several new opportunities for mass communication which include email, websites, blogging, Internet , television and many other mass media which are booming today. How does the modern mass media generate an influence on the society? Therefore, we must understand that mass media in statistics show that there are few things which impact the human mind more than mass media. The advice of teachers, parents and relatives may fall on deaf ears, but the mass media holds us all spellbound! At this point, it becomes necessary to define this concept. It may be defined as any form of communication which is meted out to the people at large, through the various forms of communication. What modes of communication are we talking about? Well there can be no static definition for the channels of mass communication as they are increasing all the time. But any form of communication which is seen and understood by a large mass of people can be taken to mean mass communication or media channels. Mass media holds a kind of mystique in the minds of the people. It is because the communication is designed in such a way that it appeals to a larger demographic segment. The test of a good mass communication marketing drive is to see if it gets the people talking. If it does, then not only does it mean that the advertising drive has been successful, but the organization in charge of the mass communication is also getting publicity by the word-of-mouth channel. PRINT MEDIA Print media includes many different ways in which an advertiser can reach a target group. Here are some of the different types of print media. The modern advertising techniques make use of many ways to convey messages to the consumers. Print media however, is one of the oldest forms of advertising methods. Print media also remains to be one of the most popular forms of advertising because it can reach a wider target audience. There are various different types of print media, which help advertisers to target a particular segment of people. Here’s a quick look at some of the various types of print media. Next, newspapers are the most popular forms of print media. The advertiser in this case can choose from a daily newspaper to a weekly tabloid. Different types of newspaper cater to various audiences and one can select the particular category accordingly. Advertisers then design press advertisements where in the size is decided as per the budget of the client. Content in newspapers will slightly differ to that in magazines, tabloids and newsletters. These mediums serve the purpose of showcasing advertisements, news or entertainment related information to audiences. Newspapers are a worldwide medium, that have been around far back to Julius Caesar’s time, in the form of government bulletins. With the industrial revolution, newspaper were made possible to print and were used as a means of communicating in the year 1814, which kick started journalism. Country of Origin| Year of Publication| Name of Newspaper| Germany| 1609| Avisa| France| 1631| La Gazette (original name – Gazette de France)| Portugal, Lisbon| 1645| A Gazeta| Krakow, Poland| 1661| Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny| Haarlem, The Netherlands| 1656| Opregte Haarlemsche Courant| England| 1702| The Daily Courant| Inception of Some Newspaper Publications Worldwide This table traces some countries, with their first publications that started off the newspaper era. Besides that, magazines also offer advertisers an opportunity to incorporate various new techniques and ideas. Magazines are one such form of print media that give a more specific target group to the client. The client can make a choice of the particular magazine as per the product. Morover, newsletters also form an important part of print media. These target a specific group of audience and give information on the product. Furthermore, brochures also give detailed information about the product. These are mainly distributed at events or even at the main outlet when a consumer needs to read in detail about the product. Posters are forms of outdoor advertising. The message in a poster has to be brief and eye-catching as it targets a person on the move. You read "Type of Mass Media" in category "Essay examples" Apart from these media, direct mail marketing, flyers, handbills or leaflets, banner advertising, billboard advertising, press releases are also various types of print media. RADIO Radio is a fascinating medium among the various mass communication media because of its special characteristics. It continues to be as relevant and potent as it was in the early years despite the emergence of more glamorous media. It is a saying that in the first phase of broadcasting spanning three decades from the early twenties, radio reigned alone or was the dominant player. Similarity, radio is a scientific device that functions as an effective auditory instrument for communication. It also plays an important role in education. It is not only informs, but also inspires human being for learning more and more. It is not only includes values and virtues, but also creates attitudes, interests and appreciation of human life. It can cover a very wide area at the same time. Radio has immense values, particularly in a developing country like India where constraints of finance, efficient teachers, suitable equipment and appliances adversely affect educational planning and administration. Besides that, radio is to play a significant part in expansion as well as qualitative improvement of education. There are some inaccessible areas in our country where expansion of education has faced difficulties. To a large number of socially disadvantaged children, education is neither meaningful nor interesting. Radio served hugely the human instinct to know about events taking place around him and at distant lands. No fairy tales, but the radio brought news from across the oceans and from inland without distinction. A regular listener of radio news would get an impression as the whole world has shrunk a feeling which print media would never had thought in around 400 years before the invention of the radio. Besdies, the news aired regularly from different stations were followed by views and a much spicy discussion mong experts to generate more interest in events from social and political life. The announcements about weather, and trains or flights schedule has been an added advantage to radio listeners. There has been a growing awareness about the inadequacy of the traditional or formal system of education not only for expansion, but also for improving the standards of education. The need f or alternative mass-media is gradually felt along- with non-formal system of education. It is a matter of fact that radio is an important instrument to foster the sense of unity and integrity among the people. The cultural programmes, debates, talks, through broadcasts involve a strong desire among the people to know each and other’s culture and values. In order to promote a sense of understanding and unity among people it is an inexpensive, but potential communication medium reaching all levels of people. So its role for national/emotional integration and international understanding is praise-worthy. Entertainment is an important aspect of human life. Radio is the most popular mass medium through which leisure is carefully utilized through song, drama and other cultural, programmes. It also provides information about various popular hobbies and leisure time activities. It gives happiness and joy through various programme. As already mentioned, radio brought a unique entertainment opportunities to people, especially for those who could not afford the luxury of visiting places where entertainment was available only to the rich. With a radio set by their side, common people could also enjoy music and stayed informed about events as ordinary as a street robbery to change of governments and tug of war among political rivals to availability of commodities in the market. But it was the entertainment which made the radio popular on first instance. Very soon the entertainment started moving in other areas than music. Comedy shows, gossip chat and answering letters from listeners made people crazy about radio enjoyments. Vocational information about production and consumption practices in industry and agriculture, use of manures and highbred seed, employment news are broadcast by Radio. Programmes regarding self-employment and talks by skilled people ensure better understanding among people for economic prosperity. Furthermore , radio opened gates of jobs never known before. To become a broadcaster with a radio station was considered to have a prestigious job in the early days of radio. It still is. The news-readers, copy writers, playwright for radio dramas, anchors for different discussion shows, musicians, recording engineers and a range of technical jobs came about so quickly that colleges and universities had to run degree programs to meet the requirement of radio stations to employee staff in its various sections. Apart from the above matters radio also inculcates scientific temper among people, helps to enjoy the cultural activities and eradicates social superstitions and age-old dogmas. The role of radio in shaping the society and providing information and education is significant. Educational broadcasting is also useful for improving education and for enrichment purposes. The radio marked a turning point, in the way information was conveyed or transferred, because it used sound to capture the attention of audiences. Being the first communications medium that could transfer or transmit live voices over long distances, radio was and still is one of the most effective medium. People depended and still depend upon it as a source of important news, and information. The importance and optimum use of radio as a mass media was nowhere more evident than in World War 1. Radio was used to send diplomatic messages when Germany found out the British had tapped its cables. It made itself a medium that audiences found as their connection to all that happened worldwide. If they ever knew that television and the Internet, would take the world by storm in this day and age, they’d be blown away by how we’re advancing, and still in the running to make it bigger and better. We cannot deny that radio itself is an exclusive medium of the sound. It is an aural or auditory medium, a medium of the ear. There are three major elements of a radio broadcast: spoken-word, music and sound effects. They are all sounds carried on the air waves to the listener. T o be acceptable, all these sounds must be pleasant and expressive for the ears. They must be artistically integrated or mixed to provoke the imagination of the listener, otherwise, the intention of the broadcast would be defeated. Radio proved far more effective in mass communication as compared to the print media. The property of radio which did not require transportation of the message drew immense attention of common people and investors in the field of mass media. Once the radio technology was recognized as an effective means of communication, there was a race among companies and individuals to have their own radio facility. TELEVISION Television is now playing a very important role in our lives. Television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparative cheap one. Television keeps us informed about current events. It allows us to follow the latest developments in science and politics. It also offers an endless series of programs that are both instructive and entertaining. Many television programs introduce people to things they never thought of before and have never heard of before. Television series have done a great job in popularizing many literary masterpieces. Besides, television has been good company to those who do not work, like housewives and lonely old people. The progression of television has come a long way from black and white and color TV to plasma and LCD TVs. The advent of this ever-changing medium started in the late 1930s, for entertainment and news purposes initially. Now, we have advertising, that has been incorporated into entertainment and news, to give viewers a chance to avail from products/services. There’s also a new way of accessing the Internet, by using a ‘Web TV’ that is hooked up instead of a PC, to browse information, and watch streaming videos on large LCD screens. After production of the TV program, a news channel has to make it available to the market, for those who are interested in viewing it. These programs can be talk shows, cooking shows, serials, movies and so on. There are two ways that is done. First/OriginalRun Once a program is completed by the producer, of either multiple or a single episode/s, he/she then wants a network or station to view it to audiences. These networks/TV stations already pay for the production themselves, or license a producer to do it instead before it is viewed to the people. Broadcast Syndication This is when secondary runs of a program, which go beyond its original first issue run, is again broadcast in other countries/locally and isn’t necessarily managed by the producer. In this case other TV stations, individuals or companies involve themselves in selling the product to available markets that they are allowed to showcase it to, usually under contract basis in some cases from the copyright holders/producers. With television people are still free to enjoy other â€Å"civilized pleasures†, or even more. There are a considerable variety of programs on television. The viewer is always free to choose whatever he wants to see. Furthermore, television provides enormous possibilities for education, like school programs via closed-circuit television as well as special broadcasts for those in a TV University or Open University. It also offers specialized subjects like language teaching, sewing, cooking, painting, cosmetics. Television does the job of education in the broadest sense. Instructive programs achieve their goal through entertaining the viewers. Moreover, television provides an outlet for creative talents and people all around the world are no longer distant and isolated from each other. It brings most distant countries and the strangest customs right into your living room. Compared with radio, everything on television is more lifelike, vivid, and real. Television may be a vital factor in holding a family together. Especially where there are economic problems that cause the husband and wife to be at a breaking point. There is no denying that television keeps people informed about the government and its programs . It also keeps people informed news and weather too. In addition , it ask people to be aware of certain disasters like floods, winds. In the case of serious problems television tells people what to do. Therefore, people can be taught about safety through television. On the other hand, television is an audio-visual and sophisticated scientific device. It telecasts programmes from far and wide areas of the country and abroad. It has an important role to play for entertainment and education of people all over the world. Environment pollution and ecological imbalances have challenged the life on the earth in modern times. Rapid population growth, urbanization problem of drain, huge stock of garbage, deforestation, evacuation of sarcastic gases from industry and automobiles are some of the reason of environment pollution. Necessity of clear environment for health and hygiene, needy of sanitation information about birth control devices are to be taught to mass through different programme. General awareness about the environment and its problems are raised through TV programmes. Socio-Political and Cultural achievement of the country described through different programmes to foster the sense of brotherhood among the people of different caste, creed and sex. Changing social systems, cultural and political issues are also brought for discussion and debate and exhibition on cultural exchange and political reviews are necessary for preservation of cultural values. Televisions another function is to provide entertainment to people through the programmes like Cinema, Serial, and Sports. Its role as an important communication medium is noteworthy for promoting national unity, developing economy and refining socio-cultural life of people. Its great contribution to humanity is education through different programmes. In short, we can never hide from the truth that television is very significant in our lives these days. It is very hard to imagine life without TV. It brings us together with some other cultures in other countries. It offers unending entertainment scenes and important information about life. It will still remain as a great medium of information that will still affect the people’s lives in the future generations. Internet Internet technology has paved the way to revolutionize all that we thought was either hidden or inaccessible. From the different types of media, the history of the Internet can be termed to be, by far, man’s greatest innovation story. The Internet has made it possible to contact others worldwide, nationally and locally; to send emails and be a part of chat rooms and conferences; blogging with discussion boards, opinion polls and forums; webcam viewing; global mapping using ‘Google Earth’ , sending and receiving images and files, downloading from the Internet through websites, signing up to a social networking websites, radio stations with live streaming , video streaming and lots more. It has stomped out conventional norms, with every teenager, adult and senior owning either a laptop or PC today. News can also be viewed via satellite with reporters covering events on site and sending it via the Internet to broadcasting news networks. It’s an amalgamation of uses, that is above all user-friendly and hi-tech. Using radio waves and frequency, not to mention satellite transmissions – we are able to access a whole new domain when it comes down to getting what we want and need within minutes. The Internet revolution has made it easier for people to get in touch, fuel business, make profits, shop and access free information from any Internet access enabled device. It is truly a technology that speaks for itself. The internet is a medium with which we can view information from anywhere in the world. Documents from the World Wide Web and various other services such as instant chat, email are available through the internet. Most of the time, everyone thinks that the internet and the W3 are the same, however this is not true. The internet is a network of cables, which allow users to access information of various sorts. The data is transmitted through the Internet Protocol, which is known as the IP. Each computer will have a separate identity when it comes to the use of the internet. Though the internet was available, it only became a household word in the year 1996. But at the beginning, the use of the internet was very expensive. Most of the users went to public centers to use the internet for a high price per hour. As the use became more popular, there was an increase in the speed of the internet and also decrease in cost. Networks were planned, and looking at the money, many service providers entered the market. They made it very simple for all users, and the use of the internet became very cheap. Everyone at home could afford to get a connection, and now most users will have unlimited access as well. This has made it possible for many people to benefit. Those who are unable to go out may get opportunities to work from home. Various other doors have been opened to the average human, and everyone has taken advantage of the creation. Almost every individual uses the internet where it is available, irrespective of age groups. This medium caters to the needs for all age groups. The internet has made a lot of activities very easy. The medium is used for almost all purposes, even with important issues such as education and government organizations. It has come a long way from the use with only scientific organizations and institutes etc. There was a phenomenal growth in the years 1996 and 1997. The growth for the internet has been at around hundred percent per year. Majority of the users use the English language for the internet, as computer development happened in America in all stages. There are other languages as well, such as French, German, Chinese and Arabic. Internet has also made life easy because we can view through various means. The internet has been improved through time; it took many years of improving to become what people know it today. The internet has affected people’s lives in different ways, but unfortunately some people use this easy and fast technology to do unacceptable things. Internet helps individuals in communications because it is fast and effective. And that’s why organizations started to use this technology to provide information about their activities and open the door for easy and fast communications with individuals. However, it is not correct that all changes in values caused by the internet are negative. People must think about what positive changes that internet could make. The Internet actually embodies high and strong values from which it derives an almost   irresistible strength. These include physical values such as speed, timeliness, efficiency   and productivity. The government uses the internet in something called the â€Å"E-government†. The E-government â€Å"is a general term describing the use of technologies to facilitate the operation of government and the disbursement of government information and services†. By using the E-government, people can reach the government more easily and quickly. It also can be used to provide information for citizens; citizens are able to read information in the time and place they want. If a citizen wants to send an application or a document for a certain purpose, he can do it easily and quickly with the E-government technologies (E-government). Despite all the negativities of the internet, the benefits of using it are much greater than the harms. The society was affected by internet, and internet will keep affecting society and its values always. Maybe one day all the society activities will be managed by the internet. TELEGRAPH A telegraph is any system that transmits encoded information by signal across a distance. Although it is associated with sending messages via an electric current, the word telegraph was coined to describe an optical system of sending coded messages. From its invention until the telephone   became a viable system, the telegraph was the standard means of communicating both between and within metropolitan areas in both  Europe  and the United States. Telegrams and telexes used telegraphy but are rapidly being replaced by facsimile (fax) transmissions through telephone lines. Satellite  transmission and high-frequency radio bands are used for international telegraphy. The telegraph was the result of a slew of inventions from all over the world. Many are unaware of the fact that the telegraph actually â€Å"preceded the railroad in forging extra local and interregional links. The reason for this was that the telegraph was used primarily for business reasons. Prior to the creation and distribution of the telegraph, America experienced a â€Å"business revolution. As the business demand grew, there was a drift towards a â€Å"natural monopoly† of the telegraph industry. This monopoly allowed the major telegraph firms to increase the prices of the telegraph which undoubtedly prevented many people in society from using this invention for private and personal reasons. In fact, the public could not afford to pay the high costs but telegraph companies knew business firms could, so they did not use the telegraph as a means of communication. In America, the telegraph was only able to gain popularity because of the demand placed on it by business firms. It wasn’t until the invention of the telephone that the public began to truly utilize such a communicating device. As we know, the electric telegraph was one of the first telecommunications technologies of the industrial age. Its immediate predecessors were homing pigeons, visual networks, the Pony Express, and railroads. By transmitting information quickly over long distances, the telegraph facilitated the growth in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms. This entry focuses on the industrial organization of the telegraph industry from its inception through its demise and the industry’s impact on the American economy. The telegraph was similar to many other inventions of the nineteenth century. It replaced an existing technology, dramatically reduced costs, was monopolized by a single firm, and ultimately was displaced by a newer technology. It is nearly impossible to determine the full extent to which the telegraph changed the way people lived. It was not so much because ordinary citizens made use of it on a regular basis. In fact, it was a rather expensive means of communication that mostly appealed to big business and government. But telegraph lines followed the westward expansion of the railroad across North America. They made it possible to communicate quickly over vast distances and they linked far-flung settlements with population centers back east. This helped foster a stronger sense of national identity and underscored the need for more standardization and uniformity. The invention of the telegraph could in some ways be seen as the real beginning of our modern age, given the way in which it so interconnected the entire world. Almost coincidental with its birth  there was the emergence of a new kind of journalism that made currency its stock in trade. Reporting events that had only just occurred took precedence over a newspaper’s traditional editorial role, and news was reported almost as soon as it happened. Corporations also could become larger and more far-flung, and nations became necessarily more interdependent. With the telegraph, information in all its aspects and forms which began to assume the critical role it plays today. Last but not least, the telegraph proved especially useful to the military. It was first used for these purposes in 1854 by the Allied Army in Bulgaria during the Crimean War. A transcontinental telegraph line had been completed in the United States just as the Civil War began, and the telegraph proved enormously useful to both sides. During the Spanish-American War in 1898, undersea telegraph cables were cut as an act of belligerency for the first time, and in World War I, teleprinters with secret codes were heavily used by all combatants. Telegraph Timeline 1837| Cooke and Wheatstone patent telegraph in England. | 1838| Morse’s Electro-Magnetic Telegraph patent approved. | 1843| First message sent between Washington and Baltimore. | 1846| First commercial telegraph line completed. The Magnetic Telegraph Company’s lines ran from New York to Washington. |   | House’s Printing Telegraph patent approved. | 1848| Associated Press formed to pool telegraph traffic. | 1849| Bain’s Electro-Chemical patent approved. | 1851| Hiram Sibley and associates incorporate New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company. Later became Western Union. | 1851| Telegraph first used to coordinate train departures. | 1857| Treaty of Six Nations is signed, creating a national cartel| 1859| First transatlantic cable is laid from Newfoundland to Valentia, Ireland. Fails after 23 days, having been used to send a total of 4,359 words. Total cost of laying the line was $1. 2 million. | 1861| First Transcontinental telegraph completed. | 1866| First successful transatlantic telegraph laid| | Western Union merges with major remaining rivals. | 1867| Stock ticker service inaugurated. | 1870| Western Union introduces the money order service. | 1876| Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone. | 1908| ATT gains control of Western Union. Divests itself of Western Union in 1913. | 1924| ATT offers Teletype system. | 1926| Inauguration of the direct stock ticker circuit from New York to San Francisco. 1930| High-speed tickers can print 500 words per minute. | 1945| Western Union and Postal Telegraph Company merge. | 1962| Western Union offers Telex for international teleprinting. | 1974| Western Union places Westar satellite in operation. | 1988| Western Union Telegraph Company reorganized as Western Union Corporation. The telecommunications assets were divested and Western Union focuses on money transfers and loan servic es. | REFFERENCES Books Coe, Lewis. The Telegraph: A History of Morse’s Invention and  Its Predecessors in the United States. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1993. Holzmann, Gerald J. and Bjorn Pehrson. The Early History of  Data Networks. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995. Israel, Paul. From Machine Shop to Industrial Laboratory:  Telegraphy and the Changing Context of American Invention. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Brock, Gerald. The Telecommunications Industry. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. DuBoff, Richard. â€Å"Business Demand and the Development of the Telegraph in the United States, 1844-1860. †Ã‚  Business History Review  54 (1980): 461-477. http://www. preservearticles. com/201105056315/role-of-radio-in-education. html How to cite Type of Mass Media, Essay examples

History of instant noodles free essay sample

History of Instant Noodles Instant noodles are dried precooked noodles fused with oil, usually eaten after being cooked or soaked in boiling water for 3 to 5 minutes. A flavor packet is almost always included with a packet of instant noodles. The product may also be consumed raw from the packet, as the noodles are already cooked, usually by frying Instant noodles originate from instant versions of the Japanese dish ramen The idea of instant noodles can be traced back to the Chinese Qing Dynasty, when yimian noodles were deep-fried which allowed them to be stored for long periods and then prepared quickly. Similarly, Chicken Thread Noodles (deep-fried thin noodles served with boiling water and optionally an egg) were available in China and Taiwan since Qing Dynasty. Modern instant noodles were invented in Japan by businessman Momofuku Ando ( ), the founder of Nissin, one of the biggest manufacturers of instant noodles today. His noodles were boiled with flavouring, deep-fried with palm oil to remove moisture, and dried into a noodle cake. Other preservation methods have been tried, including preservation with salt and smoke, but Ando concluded that palm oil is the most efficient. In 1958, Nissin launched the worlds first instant noodle product, Chikin Ramen (chicken-flavored instant ramen) in Osaka. Another milestone was reached in 1971 when Nissin introduced the Cup Noodle, instant noodles in a waterproof styrofoam container that could be used to cook the noodles. Further innovations include adding dried vegetables to the cup, creating a complete instant soup dish. According to a Japanese poll in the year 2000, instant noodles were the most important Japanese invention of the century. Karaoke came second, with the compact disc only coming in fifth. As of 2002, approximately 65 billion servings of instant noodles are eaten worldwide every year. Instant noodles are not only popular with college students; they can also be an economic indicator. In 2005, the Mama Noodles Index was launched to reflect the sales of Mama noodles, the biggest manufacturer in Thailand. The index was steady since the recovery from the East Asian financial crisis, but sales jumped by around 15% in first seven months in 2005 on year-to-year basis, which was regarded as a sign of recession. People could not afford  more expensive foods, hence the increase in the purchase of ramen, as ramen is seen as an inferior good in Thailand. In the Nepali context, instant noodle was introduced in Nepal in late 1980’s with very low levels of popularity which was effectively addressed with aggressive marketing strategies. The instant noodle industry is today among the major industries of the country with an annual income of more than four hundred core rupees. Hi mshree Noodles (manufacturers of RARA) and Chaudhary Group (WAI WAI) played the biggest role in the success of instant noodles in Nepal. Currently, the instant noodles industry employs over 10,000 people. Present scenario of noodles industries in Nepal: Noodles have become a necessary item in the Nepali consumers shopping list. Although homemade noodles have long been there, it was only in 1984 that a major brand came into the picture. It was virtually a monopoly market for the noodle leader -Wai Wai, with an 80 per cent market share, while other brands formulated the rest of the noodle market until the year 2000 when two other brands from different companies were launched RumPum and Mayos. Ever since, there has been a mushrooming of various noodle brands. With more than 40 brands on the market hot plate, the industry is still growing. 1. Competition and price sensitivity: The intensity of the competition among the players can be gleaned from the fact that the price of the product has remained constant for a considerable period of time. Despite the heavy increase in costs price of flour, machinery, maintenance, labour and packaging, the price remains the same. While the consistency in price works in favour of the consumer, the profit margin for the producer has declined. The promotional campaigns of the noodle industry have further reduced the margin for the producer. The competition has now led the whole noodle industry to a sales volume generating market where only the big players can survive. No unique development has been made in the product quality so far, although it might me said that a few of the products come with unique differentiation the addition of vegetable cubes, flavoured seasoning and different foil packaging. Each of the companies has a number of products to offer ? snack noodles, white noodles, instant noodles and some others with a different seasoning to capture the market. Every company is in the quest of producing a different noodle brand, but only a handful have succeeded. Each of the companies has a different approach to marketing. While Mayos positions itself as the family noodle, Wai Wai is a noodle for all, Shaka-laka-boom is for the kids and so on. Promotional activities are not restricted to advertisements and trade only: the driving factor here is the consumer scheme. From every noodle packet placed on the retail shelf, a consumer hopes to win something. This new millennium has brought consumers more value to whatever they are paying for. Before this, only a couple of imported brands from India and Thailand offered bowls or spoons as an add-on value to the product. Domestic brands played the game with exchange offers a collection of wrappers got you a free gift. The year 2000 saw Rumpum launch the first ever scheme Bingo hungama closely followed by the market leader Wai Wai with mauka ma chauka, with both the noodles drawing higher sales. Mayos also dove into the pool with Say Ma Say Uphar. Since then none of the companies has dared to take off the schemes from the noodles. But the question is, can a scheme-driven brand build its image? Do activities generating sales contribute to the image-building process? Companies are investing heavily on consumer promotional activities whether it is at the distribution level or in their communication. If we evaluate the importance given to a brand name in any of the messages, we see how little attention is given to the brand name. The products scheme positioning differs from its brand positioning whereas it should have remained in alignment with any new promotional campaign. For example, the Wai Wai tag line suggests that it is â€Å"Hami Sabai ko Wai Wai (Our Wai Wai), but its latest scheme is gender-biased and says Wai Wai Hero. Thus, the main theme of the brand often gets diluted, brands are not being built, and the thrust is only on a time-bound campaign. Today the consumer is more concerned about the value addition of each brand, to the extent that packaging, color, nutritional values, date of manufacture and taste are sidelined. This means that the consumer cares less about the brand and is buying solely for the gifts offered. 2. Brand loyalty What Wai Wai was able to achieve with its brand before the offer war is something that will be hard to achieve in the present scenario. For example, no matter what another soft drink offers, a Coca Cola consumer will only drink Coke. The brand loyalty is so strong that the consumer feels proud to be a Coke consumer. Brand managers in the Nepali noodle market must wear their thinking caps because today a noodle is just a noodle SWOT analysis of Noodles industry. SWOT analysis is the exercise in which the organization identifies its strength (S) and weakness (W), and environmental opportunity (O) and threat (T). The firm identifies these through the process of environmental scanning. While scanning the external environment, the organizations try to identify both opportunities and threats confronting the firm. It obtains the data about economic, financial, political, legal, social, and competitive changes in the various markets that firm serves. External environmental scanning also yields data about external threats to the firm such as increasing competition, migration, policy of the government etc. In conducting the SWOT analysis, the organization internal environment i.e. , strength and weakness as well as the external environment i. e. , threat and opportunities should also be accessed which are discussed below: Strength: Strength is an inherent capacity, which an organization can use to gain strategic advantage. Organizational strength is skills, resources, and other advantages the firm possesses relative to its competitors. Potential strengths, which form the basis of a firm’s dis tinctive competence, might include managerial skills, efficient technology, well-known brand names, a good public image, and strong market shares. An example of strength is superior research and development so that the company can gain a strategic advantage. The strengths of the Noodles industry are: Quality of output and distribution network Better packaging like metal wrappers, its life can be prolonged by another 2-3 months. Different taste, price and targeted for different groups Market leaders like Chaudhary Group and Asian Thai foods make a routine exercise to replace date expired noodles with fresh ones from the shelves for domestic as well as foreign markets. (difference is in pricing , packaging and variety. Expired noodles are destroyed. Strict quality control is a priority with the market leaders. Effective supply chain management Weakness: A firm that is formulating strategic plan also needs to acknowledge its organizational weaknesses. A weakness is an inherent limitation or constraint, which creates strategic, disadvantages. These weaknesses reflect deficiencies or shortcomings in skills, resources, or other factors that hinder the firm’s competitiveness. They may include poor distribution networks, poor labor relations, lack of skilled managers, or lack of product development efforts. An example of a weakness is over dependence on single product line, which is potentially risky for a company in times of crisis. The weaknesses of the Noodles industry are: Lack of self owned technical requirements Rising manufacturing/building cost Opportunities: An Opportunity is favorable condition in the organizations environment, which enables it to consolidate and strengthen its position. An example of an opportunity is a growing demand for the product or services that a company provides. The opportunities of Noodles industry are: Brand awareness and quality consciousness among consumers International markets Exporting noodles to various countries like India, Bhutan, Hongkong, Qatar and U. K Threats: A threat is an unfavorable condition in the organizations environment, which creates a risk for the organization. An example of threat is the emergence of strong new competitors who are likely to offer stiff competition to existing companies in an industry. The Threats of the Noodles industry are: Government policies Political instability Unnecessary shortage of market Severe losses to the entrepreneur Misconception that the quality and the taste of almost all noodles are similar